arts, culture and entertainment Matters pertaining to the advancement and refinement of the human mind, of interests, skills, tastes and emotions arts and entertainment The collective expression of message or emotion through fine or performing arts, possibly for the amusement or relaxation of people. animation Using animated drawings, including full-length and short cinema, to express message or emotion cartoon Still images such as editorial cartoons and comic strips to express message or emotion cinema Moving pictures to express message or emotion film festival National and international motion pictures festivals, selections, festival juries, nominations, awards etc. dance The expression of emotion or message through movement of persons ballet A classical dance form based on formal gestures, steps and postures modern dance A theatrical dance style based on free-style expression rather than formal gestures traditional dance A style of dance usually performed as a social activity. Encompasses folk and ceremonial dance fashion Designing clothing and accessories to express message or emotion jewellery Accessories to clothing literature The expression of emotion or message through written language drama Work written to be performed fiction Writings that are usually not based on fact but are the creation of the author's imagination non-fiction Writings that are based on fact poetry The art, structure, forms of poetic expression music Expressing emotion or message through instruments or voice using different sounds, tones, harmonies musical instrument Objects used to play music on musical performance Using music to entertain musical style A distinguishable musical genre a particular type of music belongs to classical music Music that follows classic structures of rhythm and harmony country music Similar to folk but is unique to the United States and is less about story telling than about loves sought and lost folk music Music that developed from folk cultures, often based on story-telling jazz music A music of diverse harmonics, often improvised popular music The latest fad in music, generally aimed at the younger generation rock and roll music Popular dance music developed in the 1950s opera A form of musical and dramatic work performed by classically trained musicians and singers theatre Telling of a story or idea through dialogue, music and physical expression to express message or emotion music theatre Telling of a story or idea through music, songs and further dialogue and physical expression to express message or emotion visual arts Art forms which appeal primarily to the visual sense and typically exist in permanent form such as photography and painting architecture Designing of buildings, monuments and the spaces around them to express message or emotion design An artistic discipline which focuses on visual communication and presentation. The final product of which can range from jewellery to graphical user interfaces drawing Using the mediums of pencils, markers, pen and ink, charcoal and the like on various grounds to express message or emotion painting Using the mediums of oils, watercolour, pastel, crayon etc on various grounds to express message or emotion photography Using photographic images to express message or emotion sculpture Representation of forms in clays, stone, woods, metals or other materials to express message or emotion culture The ideas, customs, arts, skills of a particular group cultural development The history of the development of art and culture such as the rise of cave paintings, pre-Colombian art, Chinese paper-making, anything non-political customs and tradition A particular way of behaving, or observances that have developed over time by a group of people festive event All kinds of events with a specific cultural background not necessarily tied to a fixed occasion or date language The means by which people communicate with each other library and museum Collections of books, music, art, or objects from the past and present for public use and display monument and heritage site Areas containing commemorative objects for historical people or events mass media Media addressing a large audience news media Media that collect facts about incidents, developing and presenting them to audiences as a whole story newspaper Daily or weekly publication that present the day to day history of the world, as well as features, comics etc online media World wide web based media delivering text, photo, graphics or streaming content periodical Material that is usually published weekly, bi-weekly, monthly or annually for a long time radio Programmes broadcasted by radio stations television Programmes broadcasted by TV stations conflicts, war and peace Acts of socially or politically motivated protest and/or violence and actions to end them act of terror Act of violence, often deadly, designed to raise fear and anxiety in a population act of bioterrorism Use of biological agents to raise the level of fear within a population, whether deaths occur or not. bombings Use of explosive devices against people, buildings or structures armed conflict Disputes between opposing groups involving the use of weaponry, but not necessarily formally declared a war guerrilla activity Anti-government actions by clandestine groups using hit-and-run techniques or sabotage, kidnapping and the like international military intervention Temporary use of international forces by invitation or by a decision of an outside body in another country or region for the purpose of resolving a crisis peacekeeping force Varied national military forces under unified international command to maintain order in disputed areas. military occupation Taking over the control of a country or region by military forces missing due to hostilities People, both civilian and military, missing during or after hostilities war Armed hostilities by one group or country against another civil war Armed conflict between members of the same nation or geographical region, in some cases with a desire to divide the nation or region. war crime action Actions alleged as crimes committed during a war or armed conflict, usually against civilians or POW's civil unrest Dissatisfaction among the population as evidenced by rallies, strikes, demonstrations or sabotage demonstration A non-violent public show of feeling or opinion, as by a mass meeting or parade rebellion Show of disobedience by citizens of a nation with the intent to overthrow the government, without necessarily achieving social change revolution An often violent change in a nation's system of government by internal forces riot Violent, destructive demonstration often involving injury to individuals and destruction of property coup d'etat The overthrow of an established government by an organised group, often the military or a political party massacre The death of a large group of people over a brief period of time genocide Systematic killing of one clan, tribe or ethnic type by another peace process Actions to end a war or conflict peace envoy Person or organisation initiating a peace process peace plan Outline for achieving peace peace talks Discussions between the conflicting parties at different formal levels post-war reconstruction Any action to rebuild the society, economy and political system in an area hit by a war disarmament Abolishing or reducing weapons ordnance clearance The removal or neutralisation of ordnance such as landmines or cluster bombs, remaining after a war or armed conflict prisoners and detainees People captured and imprisoned due to social conflicts, political activity, during war or armed conflict crime, law and justice Establishment and/or statement of the rules of behaviour in society, the enforcement of these rules, breaches of the rules and the punishment of offenders. Organisations and bodies involved in these activities. crime Violation of established laws by individuals, companies or organisations arson Intentional setting of fires with criminal intent assault Physical crime against a person, including battery, slugfests, brawls and threatening behaviour sexual assault Sexual physical crime against a person computer crime Theft or destructive behaviour using a computer corporate crime Misdeeds of corporations and corporate officers anti-trust crime Violations of laws against monopolies breach of contract Rupture of legal agreements between companies, and with customers embezzlement The intentional theft of money left in one's care insider trading Trading of stocks by persons having access to internal information not made public at this time restraint of trade Interference in free competition in business and trade corruption To act dishonestly in return for pecuniary or personal gain bribery To persuade somebody acting dishonestly in return for pecuniary gain drug related crimes All kinds of crimes relating to drugs drug trafficking Dealing in illicit often harmful substances fraud Intentional deception that causes damage to individuals and/or cause personal gain hijacking Taking over a transportation vehicle by force homicide Killing of one person by another kidnapping To seize and detain or carry away a person against that person's will by unlawful threat, force or fraud organised crime Crimes committed by gangs or criminal groups. gang activity Criminal activities by groups of individuals, usually in urban areas, who are allied by common territories, languages, ethnic backgrounds but generally are loosely organised. terrorism Violence against people to create fear in order to achieve political or ideological objectives theft Unlawful taking war crime Crimes committed during a war or armed conflict, usually against civilians or POW's, including the prosecution of such crimes judiciary The system set up to administer laws and those who infringe them. court The body of jurisdiction where legal case are heard. appeal Actions taken when the verdict is not accepted court administration Court clerks, bailiffs, stenographers etc. judge Members of the bench that sit in judgement trial The process by which guilt or innocence, or right or wrong is determined and adjudged court preliminary Pre-trial events including pleas, bail, motions, discovery, depositions. defendant The person on trial litigation Taking disputed issues to court for settlement by judge and/or jury witness A person who testifies out of court procedures Legal issues which are settled outside of court arbitration Resolution of disputed issues by a neutral panel prosecution Activities and investigations by public prosecutors. justice and rights The equitable administration of laws and regulations civil rights Rights of individuals under civil law law The codification of rules of behaviour civil law The civil code system antitrust issue Antitrust activities, monopoly regulation, etc. regulation Rules emanating from company law criminal law The criminal code system international law The system of laws embraced by all nations, such as the Geneva Convention, the International Law of the Seas, etc. extradition Legal transfer of criminals or suspects between countries international court or tribunal The activities of international tribunals such as European Court for Human Rights, Hague tribunal, International Court of Justice etc law enforcement Agencies involved in attempts to prevent disobedience to established laws, or to bring to justice those that disobey those laws arrest Detention of a suspect of a crime investigation Process of inquiry of a possible crime up to the point of arrest missing person A person who is not where they are expected to be for a period of time police Public force to enforce law, detecting and preventing crime and to maintain public order punishment The retribution handed out to those who break the laws capital punishment Death penalty fine Monetary punishment prison Place for the confinement of persons for different reasons disaster and accident Man made and natural events resulting in loss of life or injury to living creatures and/or damage to inanimate objects or property. accident Any unplanned event that causes unwanted consequences explosion accident Any unplanned and sudden extension of the volume of matter industrial accident Any unplanned event that causes unwanted consequences in a factory, a shop or an office nuclear accident Any unplanned event that causes unwanted consequences involving radioactive materials transport accident An accident involving one or more vehicles air and space accident Accidents involving craft in air or space. maritime accident Accidents involving marine vessels. railway accident Accidents involving trains. road accident Accidents on roads. disaster Serious or sudden misfortune famine Severe lack of food for a large population fire Ignition and consumption of materials through a combination of high heat and oxygen natural disasters Destructive incidents caused by the very nature of nature -- hurricanes, earthquakes, floods etc drought A severe lack of water over a period of time earthquake The shifting of the tectonic plates of the Earth, creating in some cases damage to structures flood Surfeit of water, caused by heavy rains or melting snow, usually in places where it's not wanted landslide Sudden dislodging of massive amounts of snow or soil. avalanche A sudden fall of snow, ice, rock, or mud down the side of a mountain meteorological disaster A weather-related disaster windstorms A storm of high velocity but non-hurricane force movements of air with little or no rain or hail. Often highly destructive volcanic eruption A rupture in the skin of the Earth allowing molten material to escape to the surface emergency incident A sudden, unexpected event that requires immediate action to prevent serious consequences structural failures When a building, bridge or other structures collapse because of unexpected forces or poor design transport incident An incident involving one or more vehicles air and space incident Incident involving craft in air or space. maritime incident Incident involving marine vessels. railway incident Incident involving trains. road incident Incident involving road vehicles. emergency planning Planning for actions to deal with sudden, unplanned events emergency response Organisations set up to provide help to those in need because of lack of food, water or shelter economy, business and finance All matters concerning the planning, production and exchange of wealth. business information Information about individual business entities, including companies, corporations, charities business finance A business entity's finances accounting and audit Changes regarding applicable accounting rules and the audit of accounting analysts comment Stock analyst comments, analysis and recommendations. bankruptcy News about actual bankruptcy filings. buyback Stock buyback programs. This should be kept distinct from Stock Activity. credit rating Formal statements by certain rating agencies on the investment risk of a company or enterprise dividend announcement Announcements regarding the disbursement of dividends. earnings Any release of earnings results. earnings forecast Analyst prediction of company earnings. financial statement Formal statements about the company financials typically delivered annually or quarterly proxy filing Filings with regulatory agencies of proxy statements for upcoming shareholder votes. financially distressed company Indications that a company is financially distressed but not having filed for bankruptcy yet financing and stock offering New offerings of equity including initial public offerings. restructuring and recapitalisation The sale of company units, splits of existing companies into units under a holding company, etc. shareholder The owner of one or more shares of a company. stock activity Announcements of major stock events: splits, block trades, new highs or lows, etc. stock flotation A company issues stock shares to the public for the first time. Also called Initial Public Offering IPO. human resources People working for a business and how they are managed layoffs and downsizing Planned or actual reductions in the labour force. management Company executive officers including appointments and changes stock option An agreement to either buy or sell a stock when it meets a certain price, applies to employees and officers of this company only strategy and marketing Planning the direction of a company and selling its products and services to achieve the strategy annual and special corporate meeting Announcements of upcoming meetings. Reports on meetings. annual report Availability or contents of annual company reports. board of directors Appointments to or changes in the board of directors for a company. commercial contract Contracts regarding commercial activities company spin-off The creation of new companies being spun off from existing companies. globalisation Doing business around the world governance The way a business works and any rules of that should be abide joint venture Two or more companies agreeing on a venture. leveraged buyout Acquiring control over a company by buying its shares with borrowed money. licensing agreement The document defining the terms for licensing intellectual property management buyout Acquiring control over a company by the management buying its shares. merger or acquisition Two or more companies forming a new company mergers, takeovers or acquisitions. new product or service 0 patent, copyright and trademark Intellectual properties as patents, copyright and trademarks. product recall A decision by a company to take back or repair a defective product research and development Research and expenditure on new product or service development economic sector Grouping of economic activities by products or services. agriculture The process of producing natural materials for consumption aquaculture Growing plants or animals in water for human consumption arable farming Production of food in the ground fishing industry Raising or gathering of fish forestry and timber Production and collection and preparation of wood products for future use livestock farming Raising of animals for food viniculture Production of wines from the vines to the finished products chemicals Natural or manmade materials used to produce other materials biotechnology business The business of using engineering technology to study and solve problems of living organisms fertiliser Natural or manmade materials used to encourage the growth of plants health and beauty product Compilation of chemicals and other substances for use in enhancing ones looks or smell inorganic chemical The branch of chemistry dealing with minerals and metals organic chemical The branch of chemistry dealing with human, animal or carbon-based substances pharmaceutical The production of medicines from various chemicals and natural substances synthetic and plastic Chemicals used to produce plastics and other artificial substances to be used in manufacturing computing and information technology Anything to do with computing and/or transmission of information from one point to another. hardware The physical devices used to provide computer services, such as monitors, hard drives, keyboards etc. but can also be used for equipment such as routers, servers and other network devices. networking The interconnectivity between hardware that provides the medium for the transmission of data. satellite technology Hardware and software that enables ground based devices to send signals to each other via an orbiting satellite. security To encompass technical developments in hardware and software, basic research and related areas such as cyber security semiconductors and active components The basic components that together create working electronic devices such as computers software Programming sets that, when installed on hardware, perform specified functions. telecommunication equipment Devices such as telephone sets, voice/data switches, modems etc that facilitate point-to-point voice/data transmissions telecommunication service Services provided by commercial companies that facilitate connections between telephones, pagers, computers wireless technology Transmission of information through means other than point-to-point wired hook-ups construction and property All items pertaining to the construction and sale of property design and engineering Design and planning by engineers, architects etc. of roads, offices, factories, dams , offshore structures. farms Agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, including dairy products, fruits and livestock, such as cattle and fish heavy construction Large scale construction projects, construction of roads, dams, office/factory buildings, offshore and onshore structures, large sport stadiums house building Construction of residences, for private use land price The price of land in specific zoned areas such as commercial, residential or arable as provided by a responsible body real estate The buying and selling of properties of all types renovation Restoring properties/structures to a former better state by cleaning, repairing or rebuilding. consumer goods Items produced for and sold to individuals beverage Liquid consumables, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic clothing Items of apparel to wear department store Stores largely devoted to the sale of clothing to individuals electronic commerce Buying and selling items through the Internet food Selling goods for human consumption to the human end user luxury good Leather bags, jewellery, haute couture, accessories etc mail order Items sold through and delivered by mail non-durable good Lighters, pens and stationery, tableware, watches, glasses etc retail The last stage in the sales chain speciality store Retail outlets that specialise in categories such as shoes, coats, power tools, etc toy Children's plaything wholesale The first link in the sales chain after production energy and resource The use of natural resources for business purposes to generate energy alternative energy The alternative energy business coal Production and mining of anthracite and bituminous products for use in power production diesel fuel A distilled petroleum product heavier than gasoline used not only for trucks, marine engines, but in certain forms for home heating electricity production and distribution Primarily concerning the power line distribution system, but also the sale of electrical power at wholesale and retail levels energy industry The energy industry, not focused on any specific sector kerosene/paraffin A light petroleum distillate used for cooking fuel, aircraft jet engines, lamps, heating and cleaning natural gas A natural resource, mainly methane in an flammable gaseous state, from the ground nuclear power Use of radioactive materials for power production oil and gas - downstream activities All matters concerning oil and gas, typically refining and distribution activities oil and gas - upstream activities All matters concerning oil and gas, typically supply chain activities from the reservoir to the refinery gate petrol Distilled petroleum product used for automotive fuel, with or without additives waste management and pollution control The business of waste management and pollution control water supply The business of providing water for human use financial and business service Services that transmit, safeguard, keep track of money or provide backup to commercial enterprises accountancy and auditing Services provide balance sheet, budget reconciliation and examine accuracy of financial statements auction service Sales by bidding banking Services for storing, transmitting, receiving and delivery of cash consultancy service Providers of expert knowledge in a wide range of fields usually on a temporary, contract basis employment agency A service helping people find jobs, and companies to find workers funeral parlour and crematorium Companies that provide services for disposal of the dead healthcare provider Providers of medical services at all levels, including doctors, hospitals etc insurance A risk taking venture that allows individuals to pay small amounts periodically to guard financially against unexpected events investment service Financial advisers, as opposed to stock dealers or consultants janitorial service Companies that provide cleaning and similar services for homes and businesses. legal service Lawyers and others who help companies and individuals deal with state, federal and local laws market research A service that tries to determine what people want to buy market trend Statistically significant consumer behaviour. personal finance An individual's income and expenses personal income Money that a person earns and is his/hers to keep or spend personal investing Personal finance and investment personal service Consumer service that is intangible e.g. beauty care such as hairdressing printing/promotional service Production of printed matter such as flyers, ads, signs etc rental service Companies which provide rentals, including motor vehicles, tuxedos, tools, heavy equipment, and other supplies shipping service Companies that prepare and transport packages and documents for individuals or companies by any means, including postal services. stock broking The buying and selling of company shares on behalf of individuals or other entities wedding service Services and products related to the wedding industry manufacturing and engineering Manufacturers of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipment but does not cover civil engineering. aerospace Companies that assemble or manufacture components for airplanes and space ships. automotive equipment Companies that produce components for automobiles defence equipment Manufacturers of guns, tanks, cannons, ships etc for the military and non-military protection services electrical appliance Makers of large and small electrical goods for use in homes or business heavy engineering Manufacturers of cranes, bulldozers and the like for use in major construction projects industrial component Manufacturers of mechanical, electrical, electronic items needed in the manufacture of other items instrument engineering Manufacturers of instruments for calibration, measurement of things like speed, pressure, distance machine manufacturing Manufacturers of turbines, engines, fans , pumps , motors and components for powered equipment. shipbuilding Manufacturers of ships, submarines, barges. media The various means of disseminating news and information to the public advertising Methods of promoting goods and service to consumers through video, graphics, print text etc book industry The business of producing and selling bound media, whether fiction or non-fiction cinema industry The business of cinema music industry Recording, production, marketing of music news agency Commercial agencies for production and distribution of newsworthy events through print, broadcast, video or electronic media newspaper and magazine The business of producing bound and unbound printed paper products for periodic distribution of news items online The business of distributing news and information through computer networks for public consumption public relations The job of promoting products and services through advertising campaigns and/or through person-to-person contact or through news releases radio industry The business of radio satellite and cable service The business of transmitting news, entertainment and information via satellite or cable television services television industry The business of television metal and mineral Production and refining of ores into metals building material Manufacture of materials like wallboard, lumber wiring for the building industry gold and precious material Mining, refining and sales of gold and other precious metals iron and steel Mining, refining and sales of iron-based metals mining The industry of digging for metals, raw materials such as coal, or precious gems such as diamonds non ferrous metal Mining, refining and sales of copper, zinc, aluminium, and other metals not based on iron process industry The business of turning raw materials into useable products distiller and brewer Manufacture of alcoholic beverages food industry The business of processing, distributing and selling for basic human consumption furnishings and furniture Manufacture of furniture, wallpaper, paints and fabrics for interior decoration paper and packaging product Production of paper material for writing, wrapping, printing, or packaging rubber product Production of rubber based materials for gloves, protective coatings, hoses and the like soft drinks Production of non-alcoholic drinks textile and clothing Production of fabrics for furnishings and fixtures, and for clothing of various types tobacco Growing, producing and sale of tobacco products tourism and leisure The tourism and leisure industries casino and gambling The business of providing outlets for various games of chance using cards, dice, spinning wheels to betting on animal races hotel and accommodation The business of providing food and shelter to travellers recreational and sporting goods Manufacture of goods for leisure activities restaurant and catering The business of providing prepared foods for customers in groups large and small tour operator Operators of trips either locally, as around town, or to other countries transport The means of getting from one place to the other without walking air transport Airplane and airport operations commuting The process of getting to and from work, including transport options, travel networks, car pooling. railway transport The business of transporting people or cargo by rail road transport The business of transporting goods by trucks and highways traffic Traffic reports and/or warnings waterway and maritime transport Commercial movement of people or goods via boats, ships and water economy Content of a general nature about trade and the economy economic policy Government directed policy on production, taxes, tariffs and things that affect the direction and health of the economy macro economics Broad scale economics at the world or national level bonds Corporate or governmental paper representing the loan of money at a fixed rate and for a fixed time to that company or government budgets and budgeting A method of balancing revenues against expenses business enterprise Organisations set up usually for profit-making purposes by creating and selling a product or service central bank A country's major bank that sets interest rates, and provides transfer of funds between commercial banks consumers Buyers of goods and services consumer confidence The confidence of consumers in the economy. consumer issue Issues, such as prices, inflation/deflation, quality of goods, at the retail sales level credit and debt Credit: the amount of money available to you, often by loan. Debt: the amount you owe. currency value The value of one currency as measured against another deflation A fall in prices economic growth An increase of the GDP economic indicator Certain indexes, such as company inventories, the movement of prices that show whether the economy is improving or declining gross domestic product A measure of a region's economic performance, commonly abbreviated as GDP industrial production Manufacture of durable and non-durable goods inventories Goods not sold and held by the producer, wholesaler or retailer productivity A measure of output from production or service economic organisation Business, industrial and trade associations, societies and other private-sector groups. emerging market Those markets that are struggling to enter the world economies and those requiring financial help from international lenders employment statistics Statistics about employment exports What is produced or manufactured in your country and sent and sold elsewhere government aid Supply of financial and other help by one government, usually to another government debt The amount a government owes on bonds, services and for goods and services for which it has no ready cash imports What is bought abroad and brought into a country for resale inflation A rise in prices interest rate The amount of money one must pay to borrow money international economic institution Entities such as UNIDO, World Bank, World Trade Organization, the Import-Expert Bank etc that deals at a world level international trade Trade of goods and services between nations trade agreements Government level agreements between countries for the sale and purchase of goods and services trade balance The difference between the financial value of imports and exports trade dispute International dispute over trade barriers, cartels, dumping etc. trade policy Governmental decisions on tariffs, shipping, embargoes, and the types or kinds of goods and services to be imported and exported investments Speculative purchases of corporate instruments, of commodities, currencies, or parts thereof money and monetary policy Government bank directed policy on the amount of money in circulation and the rate at which it can be loaned mortgage The loan of money for the purpose of purchasing a property, whether land or building. Or, for homeowners to repair or maintain properties, often based on owner equity in a property mutual funds Pools of shares or bonds for sale often grouped by investment intention, such as growth, income or security prices The monetary value of goods, services or stocks and bonds recession A decrease in the GDP over a period of 2 quarters in a row. tariff Fees placed on goods imported or exported, often punitive market and exchange Organised entities for buying and selling stocks, currencies, commodities and other goods commodity market The bartering or trading of goods such as cotton, oil, coal, metals, etc energy market Energy trading and markets metal Markets for trading base metals such as copper, aluminium, steel, zinc etc soft commodity Trading in commodities such as cotton, sugar, sorghum, soybeans etc. debt market Market for trading debt instruments such as bonds, CDs, bankers acceptances, T bills, notes, IOUs etc foreign exchange market The trading of shekels, dinars, euros, dollars etc around the world through regulated markets loan market The market where money is available to borrow, at certain rates of interest loans An agreement by one individual or institution to temporarily disperse money to another, with an agreed rate and time for its return securities Markets for trading types of company paper such as stocks and bonds derivative securities Financial instruments such as futures, swaps and options, used for risk management, whose characteristics and value depend upon the characteristics and value of an underlying instrument, such as a commodity, bond, equity or currency. stocks Corporate paper that gives an individual an ownership right to a part of a company's earnings education All aspects of furthering knowledge of human individuals from birth to death. parent organisation Group of parents set up to support educational activities of their children religious education Instruction by any faith, in that faith or about other faiths, usually, but not always, conducted in schools run by religious bodies school A building or institution in which education of various sorts is provided elementary schools Schools usually of a level from kindergarten through 11 or 12 years of age further education Any form of education beyond basic education of several levels adult education Education provided for older students outside the usual age groups of 5-25 high schools Pre-college/ university level education, 14 to 17 or 18 years of age, called freshman, sophomore, junior and senior higher education Education above secondary level, usually provided by colleges and universities, which results in a professional qualification or academic degree college Institution of higher learning, its specific scope is set differently in different countries university Institutions of higher learning capable of providing doctorate degrees middle schools Transitional school between elementary and high school, 12 through 13 years of age preschool Education for children under the national compulsory education age social learning Learning social competence from parents and others as one grows up teaching and learning Either end of the education equation curriculum The courses offered by a learning institution and the regulation of those courses examination A measurement of student accomplishment entrance examination Exams for entering colleges, universities, junior and senior high schools, and all other higher and lower education institutes, including cram schools, which help students prepare for exams for entry to prestigious schools. students People of any age in a structured environment, not necessarily a classroom, in order to learn something teachers People with knowledge who can impart that knowledge to others environment All aspects of protection, damage, and condition of the ecosystem of the planet earth and its surroundings. climate change Significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period global warming This category includes all issues relating to global warming including temperature research, remote sensing on temperature trends, debate on global warming, ways to reduce emissions and carbon trading. conservation Preservation of wilderness areas, flora and fauna, including species extinction energy saving Conservation of electrical, and other power sources parks Areas set aside for preservation environmental politics The debate on environmental policy environmental pollution Corruption of air, water, land etc. by harmful substances air pollution Solid or gaseous matter affecting the quality of air that we breathe environmental cleanup Processes whereby contaminated areas are cleaned of hazardous materials so they can be inhabited again by either people or animals. hazardous materials Materials that are harmful to humans or animals if they are exposed to them. Includes radiation, poison gases, chemicals, heavy metals, PCBs, and certain plant products waste The environmental impact of waste, including recycling efforts water pollution Solids or liquids that corrupt the quality of water that could be used for drinking or irrigation natural resources Environmental issues related to the exploitation of natural resources energy resources Such resources as coal, gas, wind, sunlight etc., used to generate heat, electricity and power land resources That portion of a nation or state that is above water and available for development either for profit or for the general good of the public forests Open areas of trees either available for public enjoyment, or for commercial purposes mountains Elevated land masses formed over the ages either by erosion, volcanic eruption, or movement of massive geographical formations called plates population growth People and their growth and development within a natural setting renewable energy The environmental impact of renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal water Environmental issues about bodies of water, including oceans, lakes, streams and reservoirs, as well as ice, glaciers and forms of precipitation oceans Salt water masses separating continents or other major geographical masses. smaller forms are seas or lakes or ponds rivers Moving water areas bounded by land that extend from earth sources and meander through land areas to join with other water areas. In smaller forms they are creeks, rivulets, streams etc wetlands Areas generally marshy and not either under water or dry land. Often related to aquifers for water quality and/or wildlife nature The natural world in its entirety ecosystem A system of plants, animals and bacteria interrelated in its physical/chemical environment endangered species Those species in danger of disappearing, largely because of changes in environment, hunting, or weather invasive species Non-native plants, animals and other organisms that tend to take over native species health All aspects pertaining to the physical and mental welfare of human beings. diseases and conditions Any harmful or destructive health condition affecting humans. cancer A serious and often fatal disease caused when normal cells mutate into tumours communicable disease Diseases that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another epidemic An epidemic is a rapidly spreading condition in a community. plague A highly infectious epidemic disease transmitted primarily by rat flea bites virus disease Diseases caused by infection within cells by viruses AIDS Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome, an incurable disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus retrovirus A family of RNA viruses such as those causing leukaemia and AIDS heart disease A degenerative and serious disease caused by narrowing of the arteries feeding the heart illness Non-specific maladies such as stomach aches, headaches, flat feet, lumbago injury A traumatic condition of the human body caused usually by outside forces medical conditions Various stages of disease, illness or injury mental and behavioural disorder Illnesses and disorders affecting the mind and behaviour eating disorder Anorexia, bulimia, overeating and similar illnesses obesity A condition of body weight generally considered 20 percent above the norm for gender, age, height and bone structure health facility Facilities used for any kind of healthcare hospital and clinic Medical facilities for the treatment of illnesses and injury health organisations Specific health organisations, including professional associations, non-profit and international groups health treatment In general treatment of diseases and other conditions to produce wellness diet Controlled food consumption dietary supplements Nutrients taken in addition to food to bolster health medical drugs Chemical substances used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of physical and mental disease prescription drugs Drugs that can be purchased only with a doctor's authorisation medical procedure/test Any of a variety of treatments such as stress tests, catherisation, blood tests, computerised axial tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging medicine A substance used with the expectation that it will eliminate disease or illness herbal Treatment based on the use of herbs and other plants to cure or alleviate disease symptoms holistic Treatment of the whole person including mental and social factors rather than just the symptoms of the disease. traditional Chinese The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on traditional methods developed in the orient. western The practice of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease based on modern scientific research in the western hemisphere. physical fitness The condition of the body of a person. preventative medicine Substances used to prevent diseases or illnesses vaccines Medications designed to create immunity to diseases therapy Treatment of physical, mental or medical conditions by non-surgical means healthcare policy Health-related policy decisions including what different countries are doing regarding prescription drug policies, AIDS, psychiatric care, health care funding and related topics. government health care Health care provided by national governments medicaid A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to needy citizens of all ages Medicare A program of the U.S. government to provide health care to senior citizens health insurance Insurance covering extraordinary medical costs private health care Health care provided by privately funded or insured organisations medical profession Profession requiring formal training in the study, diagnosis, treatment, care and prevention of disease, medical condition or injury. medical service Medical support for doctors, including blood tests and other medical tests on individuals, X-rays CAT scans MRIs etc. medical specialisation The different medical specialist areas. geriatric Speciality into ageing and age-related issues including age-related illnesses, medical research, trends, geriatric medicine and related topics like age discrimination and health insurance for an ageing population. obstetrics/gynaecology Specialty of female reproductive organs paediatrics Speciality of medicine for the young - includes premature babies, infant care, childhood disease and treatment - also teen-related health and behaviour problems. reproductive medicine Speciality of reproductive technologies like invitro fertilisation medical staff Doctors, nurses, interns and others in a medical facility non-human diseases Any harmful or destructive health condition affecting animals, plants or microorganisms. animal disease Disease affecting animals plant disease Disorders affecting plants caused either by parasites or environmental factors human interest Items about individuals, groups, animals, plants or other objects with a focus on emotional facets accomplishment Achievements by individuals or groups, animals, plants or other objects, such as winning a competitive contest etc award and prize Decorations, awards and prizes, including those given by the government. record Non-sport achievement by an individual or group that sets a new record, such as most books read, holding your breath longest animal Items about animals with a focus on emotional facets ceremony Rituals of a non-religious nature such as dedications, wreath laying, ship launchings etc people Individuals or groups with a focus on emotional facets human mishap Silly or stupid human errors high-society Life and behaviour of well-known people celebrity Life and behaviour of famous people imperial and royal matters Imperial and royal family members in their societal rather than governmental roles. plant Items about plants with a focus on emotional facets labour Social aspects, organisations, rules and conditions affecting the employment of human effort for the generation of wealth or provision of services and the economic support of the unemployed. employment Working for an organisation, an individual or being self-employed, including voluntary work apprentices People who are in the work force at a learning level, serving under a master child labour Employment of children, usually under the age of 18 employee A person who trades his time and talent for money and other benefits employer The person who employs workers and pays the salaries and other benefits to workers employment training Learning skills required for employment advanced training Additional training to enhance current skills retraining Providing a worker training in new skills when his old skills are no longer applicable occupations Generally one's trade, profession or business although professions are usually such things as lawyers and doctors, and occupations are such as clerks or truckers wage and benefit Employee compensation. employee benefits Benefits provided to an employee by a company, such as pension contributions, health insurance. social security FICA. Money paid by individual and companies into a government account to be paid out when that individual reaches a certain age employment legislation Laws governing employment health and safety at work Rules and procedures for guaranteeing the health of workers labour market A pool of people who are working or are seeking work labour relations The give and take between management and employees collective contract Usually written contracts covering a specific class of worker contract issue-healthcare Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on health care issues contract issue-wages Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on remuneration contract issue-work rules Element of contracts and contract discussions centring on rules affecting issues such as lunch and other breaks, work shifts, vacation scheduling, seniority, sick leave etc. labour dispute Differences in opinion about work conditions, pay, etc strike A job action involving cessation of work